Ebrahim Raisi stands as one of the
most controversial figures in contemporary Iranian politics. Dubbed by many as
a "butcher politician," his career is marked by a series of strategic
moves, alliances, and policies that have solidified his position within the
Iranian political landscape. This book delves into the intricate web of Raisi's
political journey, uncovering the secrets behind his rise to power and the
methods he has employed to maintain his grip on authority.
Born into a religious family in Mashhad in 1960, Raisi's
early life was steeped in the values and teachings of Islam. His father, a
cleric, played a significant role in shaping his worldview, instilling in him a
sense of duty towards his faith and country. This foundation set the stage for
Raisi's future endeavors, driving him to pursue a path that would eventually
lead him to the highest echelons of power in Iran.
Raisi's ascent was not a straightforward one. It was marked
by pivotal moments and critical alliances, particularly with the Revolutionary
Guard, which would prove instrumental in his political career. His tenure in
the judiciary further cemented his reputation, though it also attracted
significant controversy. Raisi's role in the 1988 mass executions of political
prisoners has left an indelible mark on his legacy, earning him the moniker
"butcher."
As Raisi transitioned from judiciary roles to political
ones, he maintained a firm grip on power through a combination of strategic
policymaking, suppression of dissent, and control over media narratives. His
economic policies, while ambitious, have often been criticized for failing to
address the underlying issues facing the Iranian economy. Nonetheless, Raisi
has managed to navigate these challenges with a deft hand, ensuring his
survival in a volatile political environment.
Raisi's foreign policy stance is another area of significant
interest. His approach to international relations, particularly with Western
powers, has been characterized by a blend of defiance and pragmatism. The
impact of international sanctions on Iran has been profound, yet Raisi has
employed various strategies to mitigate their effects and maintain a semblance
of stability within the country.
The 2021 presidential election marked a turning point in
Raisi's career, presenting both an opportunity and a challenge. His victory,
though contested by many, signaled a new phase in his political journey. This
book explores the tactics employed during the election, the consolidation of
power that followed, and the implications for Iran's future.
Religion plays a central role in Raisi's political ideology.
As a staunch supporter of theocratic principles, he has consistently sought to
align his policies with the values of the Islamic Republic. This has often
placed him at odds with more progressive elements within Iranian society,
creating a dynamic of tension and conflict that continues to shape the
political landscape.
Media control and propaganda have been crucial tools in
Raisi's arsenal. By shaping public perception and controlling the narrative, he
has been able to suppress dissent and maintain his authority. This book
examines the mechanisms of this control and the impact it has had on Iranian
society.
As we delve into the chapters that follow, we will explore
the multifaceted aspects of Ebrahim Raisi's political life. From his early
years to his current position as President of Iran, each chapter provides a
detailed analysis of the events, policies, and strategies that have defined his
career. Through this comprehensive examination, we aim to uncover the secrets
of a politician who has played a pivotal role in shaping the course of modern
Iranian history.
Chapter 1: The Early Years: Formative Influences
Ebrahim Raisi was born on December
14, 1960, in the city of Mashhad, a significant cultural and religious center
in Iran. Mashhad, known for the Imam Reza shrine, provided a deeply religious
environment that influenced Raisi from an early age. His father, Seyed Haji,
was a cleric, and his upbringing was infused with the teachings and principles
of Shia Islam.
Growing up in such an environment, Raisi was exposed to the
religious and political discourses of the time. The Iranian society of the
1960s and 70s was marked by significant upheaval and transformation,
culminating in the 1979 Islamic Revolution. This period was characterized by
growing discontent with the Shah's regime, increasing political activism, and a
rising tide of Islamic sentiment.
Raisi's education began in the traditional religious schools
of Mashhad. These institutions not only provided him with a solid foundation in
Islamic theology but also instilled in him a sense of political consciousness.
The curriculum was heavily influenced by the teachings of prominent Shia
scholars, who emphasized the importance of Islamic governance and the need to
resist secular influences.
As a young student, Raisi was deeply affected by the works
of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the future leader of the Islamic Revolution.
Khomeini's ideas about the role of Islam in governance and his criticism of the
Shah's policies resonated with Raisi and many of his contemporaries. This
ideological alignment with Khomeini's vision played a crucial role in shaping
Raisi's future political path.
Raisi's early involvement in political activities began
during his teenage years. He participated in demonstrations against the Shah's
regime and became an active member of the movement supporting Khomeini. This
period of activism was a formative experience, reinforcing his commitment to
the revolutionary cause and the establishment of an Islamic Republic.
In the years leading up to the revolution, Raisi pursued his
religious studies with even greater fervor. He moved to Qom, another major
center of Shia scholarship, to study under some of the most prominent clerics
of the time. This move was significant, as Qom was not only a hub of religious
learning but also a hotbed of revolutionary activity. Here, Raisi honed his
theological and political acumen, preparing him for the roles he would later
assume.
The success of the Islamic Revolution in 1979 marked a
turning point in Raisi's life. At just 18 years old, he was thrust into a new
political reality where his religious and ideological beliefs aligned with the
newly established order. The revolution opened up numerous opportunities for
young, ideologically committed individuals like Raisi to rise through the ranks
of the new government.
Raisi's early post-revolutionary career saw him taking on
various roles within the nascent Islamic Republic. His commitment to the
principles of the revolution and his close alignment with key figures in the
new regime facilitated his rapid ascent. These early roles provided him with
valuable experience and exposure to the inner workings of the government,
laying the groundwork for his future positions of authority.
One of the key influences during this period was his
association with the Revolutionary Guard. Established to protect the ideals of
the revolution and ensure internal security, the Revolutionary Guard became a
powerful political and military force in Iran. Raisi's close ties with this
organization were instrumental in his rise, providing him with both political
support and a means to exert influence.
As Raisi's career progressed, he remained deeply connected
to his religious roots. His identity as a cleric and his adherence to the
principles of Shia Islam continued to shape his approach to politics and
governance. This dual identity as both a religious and political leader became
a defining feature of his career, allowing him to navigate the complex
landscape of Iranian politics with a unique blend of theological conviction and
pragmatic strategy.
In summary, the early years of Ebrahim Raisi's life were marked
by a confluence of religious education, political activism, and ideological
commitment to the principles of the Islamic Revolution. These formative
influences set the stage for his future career, providing him with the
foundation and the network necessary to rise to prominence in the
post-revolutionary Iranian political landscape. As we move forward in this
book, we will explore how these early experiences shaped his approach to power
and governance, and how they continue to influence his actions as one of Iran's
most powerful political figures.
Chapter 2: Rise to Power: The Making of a Politician
Ebrahim Raisi's rise to power is a
tale of strategic maneuvering, calculated alliances, and unwavering commitment
to the principles of the Islamic Republic. After the 1979 revolution, Raisi
quickly positioned himself within the newly established political order,
leveraging his religious background and revolutionary credentials to climb the
ranks.
In the immediate aftermath of the revolution, Raisi took on
several roles that allowed him to gain experience and build a network of
influential allies. One of his early positions was in the judiciary, where he
began to make a name for himself as a staunch defender of the new regime's
values. His work in the judiciary provided him with a platform to demonstrate his
loyalty and effectiveness, catching the attention of higher-ups within the
government.
Raisi's judicial career advanced rapidly. By the early
1980s, he had become a prosecutor in the city of Karaj and later in Hamadan.
These roles were crucial in establishing his reputation as a hardliner
committed to the principles of the Islamic Revolution. His firm stance against
those perceived as enemies of the state earned him both respect and notoriety.
His actions during this period were instrumental in cementing his position
within the judiciary and gaining the trust of senior clerics and political
leaders.
A pivotal moment in Raisi's career came in 1985 when he was
appointed as the Deputy Prosecutor of Tehran. This role placed him at the heart
of the country's legal and political system, providing him with significant
influence over judicial matters. It was during this time that Raisi's name
became associated with some of the most controversial events in the history of
the Islamic Republic.
One of the darkest chapters in Raisi's career occurred in
1988, during the final stages of the Iran-Iraq War. Following a fatwa issued by
Ayatollah Khomeini, thousands of political prisoners, many of whom were
affiliated with the opposition group Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), were executed.
Raisi was part of the "Death Commission" responsible for overseeing
these executions. This episode has been a significant blot on his record,
earning him the moniker "butcher" and sparking widespread
condemnation from human rights organizations.
Despite the controversy, Raisi's role in the 1988 executions
solidified his standing within the regime. His willingness to carry out such a
brutal crackdown demonstrated his loyalty and resolve, qualities that were
highly valued by the ruling establishment. This period also highlighted the
extent to which Raisi was willing to go to preserve the ideological purity of
the revolution and eliminate perceived threats.
In the following years, Raisi continued to climb the
judicial ladder. He held various positions, including the Prosecutor General of
Tehran and later the First Deputy Head of the Judiciary. Each of these roles
provided him with greater influence and a deeper understanding of the inner
workings of the state. His work in the judiciary was marked by a consistent
emphasis on upholding Islamic law and maintaining the regime's stability.
Raisi's rise was also facilitated by his ability to forge
key alliances. His close relationship with the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali
Khamenei, played a crucial role in his ascent. Khamenei, who succeeded Khomeini
in 1989, viewed Raisi as a reliable and ideologically aligned ally. This
relationship provided Raisi with a significant power base and the backing
needed to pursue higher office.
In 2014, Raisi was appointed as the Attorney General of
Iran, a role that further solidified his position within the judiciary. His
tenure was marked by efforts to combat corruption and enforce strict Islamic
codes of conduct. While these initiatives were often criticized as politically
motivated, they reinforced Raisi's image as a defender of the revolution's
values.
Raisi's ambitions extended beyond the judiciary. In 2016, he
was appointed as the custodian of the Astan Quds Razavi, a powerful and wealthy
religious foundation in Mashhad. This position not only provided him with
significant financial resources but also enhanced his visibility and influence
within the religious community. It was a strategic move that bolstered his
credentials as a potential future leader.
In 2017, Raisi made his first bid for the presidency.
Although he was ultimately defeated by the incumbent, Hassan Rouhani, the
campaign elevated his national profile and demonstrated his political
aspirations. The election highlighted Raisi's appeal to conservative and
hardline voters, setting the stage for his future political endeavors.
Raisi's persistence paid off in 2021 when he ran again for
the presidency. This time, he secured a decisive victory, becoming the
President of Iran. His election was marked by allegations of voter suppression
and a low turnout, reflecting widespread dissatisfaction with the political
system. Nevertheless, his ascent to the presidency represented the culmination
of decades of strategic maneuvering and unwavering commitment to the principles
of the Islamic Revolution.
As president, Raisi faces significant challenges, including
economic hardships, international sanctions, and internal dissent. However, his
rise to power illustrates a deep-seated resilience and an ability to navigate
the complex and often treacherous waters of Iranian politics. The following
chapters will explore his presidency in detail, examining the policies and
strategies he employs to maintain his position and address the myriad issues
facing Iran.
Chapter 3: The Revolutionary Guard: A Crucial Alliance
The Islamic Revolutionary Guard
Corps (IRGC) has been a cornerstone of Ebrahim Raisi's political strategy and a
critical ally throughout his career. The IRGC, established in the aftermath of
the 1979 Islamic Revolution, was created to protect the new Islamic Republic
and its values from internal and external threats. Over the decades, it has
evolved into a powerful military, political, and economic force within Iran.
Raisi's relationship with the IRGC dates back to his early
involvement in the revolutionary movement. As a young activist, he aligned
himself with the Guard's mission and values, recognizing the importance of this
organization in shaping the future of the Islamic Republic. This alignment
provided Raisi with a powerful platform from which to launch his political
career.
The IRGC's influence extends far beyond its military
capabilities. It has significant economic interests, controlling a vast network
of businesses and industries. This economic power has allowed the IRGC to play
a crucial role in Iran's political landscape, often acting as a kingmaker in
domestic affairs. For Raisi, maintaining a strong relationship with the IRGC
has been essential for his political survival and success.
Throughout his career, Raisi has consistently supported the
IRGC's initiatives and policies. His judicial tenure was marked by a close
collaboration with the Guard, particularly in matters related to national
security and countering dissent. This partnership was evident during the 1988
executions, where the IRGC played a key role in identifying and detaining
political prisoners. Raisi's willingness to work with the Guard during this
dark chapter cemented his reputation as a loyal and reliable ally.
As Raisi transitioned into higher political roles, his
relationship with the IRGC continued to strengthen. The Guard's support was
instrumental during his 2017 and 2021 presidential campaigns. The IRGC's
extensive network and resources provided Raisi with the necessary backing to
secure his electoral victories. In return, Raisi has consistently advocated for
the Guard's interests, ensuring that its influence remains intact within the
Iranian political system.
Raisi's presidency has further solidified the symbiotic
relationship between his administration and the IRGC. Since taking office, he
has appointed several individuals with close ties to the Guard to key positions
within his government. This move has ensured that the IRGC maintains a
significant presence in decision-making processes, particularly in matters
related to national security and economic policy.
One of the key areas where the IRGC's influence is evident
is in Iran's foreign policy. The Guard plays a crucial role in shaping Iran's
regional strategy, including its involvement in conflicts in Syria, Iraq, and
Yemen. Raisi's administration has supported these efforts, viewing them as
essential to protecting Iran's interests and expanding its influence in the
region. This alignment has further cemented the bond between Raisi and the
IRGC, ensuring mutual support in achieving their strategic objectives.
The IRGC's economic power is another area where Raisi has
sought to leverage their influence. With Iran facing severe economic challenges
due to international sanctions and internal mismanagement, the Guard's economic
resources have become increasingly important. Raisi has worked to ensure that
the IRGC's business interests are protected and expanded, recognizing that
their economic strength is crucial for maintaining stability and control.
Raisi's relationship with the IRGC is not without its
challenges. The Guard's extensive influence and autonomy can sometimes create
friction with other branches of the government. Balancing the interests of the
IRGC with those of other political and economic actors requires careful
navigation and strategic decision-making. However, Raisi's long-standing
alliance with the Guard provides him with a critical advantage in managing
these complexities.
The IRGC's role in suppressing dissent and controlling the
domestic population has also been a point of convergence for Raisi and the
Guard. Both view internal stability as paramount, and the IRGC's capabilities
in intelligence and security have been pivotal in maintaining order. Raisi's
administration has relied on the Guard to crack down on protests and opposition
movements, ensuring that challenges to their authority are swiftly and
effectively dealt with.
In summary, the relationship between Ebrahim Raisi and the
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps has been a cornerstone of his political
strategy and success. From his early involvement in the revolutionary movement
to his current role as President of Iran, Raisi has consistently aligned
himself with the Guard's mission and values. This alliance has provided him
with the necessary support to navigate the complexities of Iranian politics and
maintain his position of power. As we continue to explore Raisi's presidency,
the influence of the IRGC will remain a critical factor in understanding his
policies and strategies.
Chapter 4: Judiciary Tenure: Cementing Authority
Ebrahim Raisi's tenure in the
judiciary was marked by a series of significant roles that not only cemented
his authority but also defined his reputation as a hardliner committed to the
principles of the Islamic Revolution. His judicial career provided him with the
platform to demonstrate his loyalty to the regime and his willingness to
enforce its values with unwavering resolve.
Raisi's entry into the judiciary began in the early 1980s,
shortly after the success of the Islamic Revolution. His initial roles as a
prosecutor in Karaj and Hamadan were crucial in establishing his reputation.
During this period, Raisi was known for his rigorous enforcement of Islamic
laws and his strict stance against those perceived as enemies of the state. His
work in these early roles set the tone for his future career, showcasing his
commitment to the revolutionary ideals and his readiness to take decisive
action.
A turning point in Raisi's judicial career came in 1985 when
he was appointed as the Deputy Prosecutor of Tehran. This position placed him
at the heart of the country's legal system and provided him with significant
influence over judicial matters. It was during his tenure in this role that
Raisi's name became associated with some of the most controversial events in
the history of the Islamic Republic.
The most notorious of these events was the 1988 mass
executions of political prisoners. Following a fatwa issued by Ayatollah
Khomeini, thousands of prisoners affiliated with opposition groups,
particularly the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), were executed. Raisi was a member of
the "Death Commission" responsible for overseeing these executions.
His involvement in this brutal crackdown has been a defining aspect of his
legacy, earning him the nickname "butcher" and drawing widespread
condemnation from human rights organizations.
Despite the controversy, Raisi's role in the 1988 executions
solidified his standing within the regime. His willingness to carry out such a
harsh measure demonstrated his loyalty and resolve, qualities that were highly
valued by the ruling establishment. This period highlighted Raisi's commitment
to preserving the ideological purity of the revolution and eliminating
perceived threats, reinforcing his reputation as a hardliner.
Following the 1988 executions, Raisi continued to climb the
judicial ladder. In the 1990s, he served as the Prosecutor General of Tehran,
where he continued to enforce strict Islamic laws and crack down on dissent.
His work in this role further cemented his reputation as a staunch defender of
the regime's values and a key player within the judiciary.
In 2004, Raisi was appointed as the First Deputy Head of the
Judiciary, a role that provided him with even greater influence over the legal
system. His tenure was marked by a continued emphasis on upholding Islamic law
and maintaining the regime's stability. Raisi's approach to justice was
characterized by a combination of strict legalism and political pragmatism,
ensuring that the judiciary remained a tool for preserving the regime's
control.
Raisi's judicial career also involved efforts to combat
corruption, although these initiatives were often viewed with skepticism.
Critics argued that his anti-corruption campaigns were selective and
politically motivated, targeting opponents of the regime while protecting
allies. Nevertheless, these efforts allowed Raisi to position himself as a
champion of justice and integrity, bolstering his public image.
In 2014, Raisi was appointed as the Attorney General of
Iran, a role that further solidified his position within the judiciary. His
tenure was marked by high-profile cases and continued efforts to enforce strict
Islamic codes of conduct. Raisi's work as Attorney General reinforced his
reputation as a hardliner and a key enforcer of the regime's values.
One of the most significant aspects of Raisi's judicial
career was his close relationship with the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali
Khamenei. This relationship provided Raisi with a powerful ally and a critical
source of support throughout his career. Khamenei viewed Raisi as a reliable
and ideologically aligned figure, providing him with the backing needed to
pursue higher office.
In 2016, Raisi was appointed as the custodian of the Astan
Quds Razavi, a powerful religious foundation in Mashhad. This position not only
provided him with significant financial resources but also enhanced his
influence within the religious community. The role of custodian allowed Raisi
to combine his judicial and religious credentials, further solidifying his
position as a key figure within the regime.
Raisi's judicial career culminated in his appointment as the
Chief Justice of Iran in 2019. This role placed him at the pinnacle of the
country's legal system, providing him with unprecedented influence over
judicial matters. As Chief Justice, Raisi continued to enforce strict Islamic
laws and crack down on dissent, maintaining his reputation as a hardliner
committed to the principles of the Islamic Revolution.
In summary, Ebrahim Raisi's tenure in the judiciary was
marked by a series of significant roles that allowed him to cement his
authority and demonstrate his loyalty to the regime. His involvement in controversial
events, such as the 1988 executions, defined his reputation as a hardliner and
a key enforcer of the regime's values. Raisi's judicial career provided him
with the platform to rise to prominence within the Islamic Republic, setting
the stage for his future political ambitions. As we continue to explore his
career, the impact of his judicial tenure will remain a critical factor in
understanding his approach to power and governance.
Chapter 5: Human Rights Controversies: A Dark Legacy
Ebrahim Raisi's career has been
deeply marred by numerous human rights controversies, earning him a reputation
as a figure of significant contention both within and outside Iran. His
involvement in some of the most egregious human rights abuses in the history of
the Islamic Republic has left an indelible stain on his legacy, provoking
widespread condemnation from international human rights organizations and
activists.
The most prominent of these controversies is the 1988 mass
executions of political prisoners. As a member of the "Death
Commission," Raisi played a direct role in the decision-making process
that led to the execution of thousands of political prisoners. These executions
were carried out following a fatwa by Ayatollah Khomeini, targeting members of
opposition groups, particularly the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK). Prisoners were
subjected to summary trials, often lasting only a few minutes, where they were
asked about their political and religious beliefs. Those who failed to
demonstrate loyalty to the regime were sentenced to death.
The brutality of the 1988 executions and the lack of due
process have been widely condemned as crimes against humanity. Human rights
organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have called
for accountability and justice for the victims. Despite these calls, Raisi has
consistently defended his actions, framing them as necessary measures to
protect the Islamic Republic from its enemies. This stance has only intensified
the criticism and scrutiny surrounding his legacy.
Beyond the 1988 executions, Raisi's judicial career has been
marked by numerous other human rights abuses. As the Prosecutor General of
Tehran and later as the First Deputy Head of the Judiciary, Raisi oversaw a
legal system that routinely employed torture, arbitrary detention, and unfair
trials to suppress dissent. Political activists, journalists, and human rights
defenders were frequently targeted, facing harsh penalties for their
activities. Raisi's role in perpetuating these abuses has been a significant
factor in shaping his reputation as a hardliner with little regard for human
rights.
Raisi's tenure as the Attorney General and later as the
Chief Justice of Iran continued this pattern of repression. Under his
leadership, the judiciary remained a tool for silencing opposition and
maintaining the regime's control. High-profile cases involving political
prisoners, minority groups, and activists highlighted the systemic nature of
human rights abuses within the judiciary. Raisi's steadfast defense of these
practices underscored his commitment to preserving the regime's stability at
any cost.
One of the key elements of Raisi's approach to governance
has been his use of the judiciary to enforce strict Islamic codes of conduct.
This has often involved harsh punishments for behaviors deemed un-Islamic or
immoral by the regime. For example, women have faced severe penalties for
violating dress codes, and LGBTQ+ individuals have been subjected to extreme
persecution. Raisi's enforcement of these laws has drawn significant
international criticism, highlighting the broader issue of human rights in
Iran.
Raisi's involvement in human rights abuses has not been
limited to his judicial roles. As the custodian of the Astan Quds Razavi, he
wielded significant influence within the religious and economic spheres. During
his tenure, there were numerous reports of workers' rights violations and
exploitation within the foundation's extensive business enterprises. These
issues further compounded the perception of Raisi as a figure willing to
prioritize power and control over basic human rights and dignity.
Internationally, Raisi's human rights record has been a
major point of contention. Various countries and organizations have imposed
sanctions on him, citing his involvement in gross human rights violations. The
United States, in particular, has targeted Raisi with sanctions, highlighting
his role in the 1988 executions and other abuses. These sanctions have not only
isolated Raisi on the global stage but also brought increased scrutiny to his
actions and policies.
Raisi's human rights record poses significant challenges for
his presidency. Domestically, it has fueled discontent and opposition,
particularly among younger Iranians who are more attuned to global human rights
standards. Internationally, it complicates efforts to engage with other
countries and organizations, limiting opportunities for diplomatic and economic
cooperation. Despite these challenges, Raisi has shown little indication of
altering his approach, continuing to prioritize regime stability and
ideological purity over human rights considerations.
In summary, Ebrahim Raisi's career has been deeply marked by
numerous human rights controversies. From his involvement in the 1988 mass
executions to his ongoing role in perpetuating systemic abuses within the
judiciary, Raisi's legacy is one of repression and brutality. His steadfast
defense of these actions underscores his commitment to maintaining the regime's
stability and ideological purity, regardless of the human cost. As we continue
to explore his presidency, the impact of his human rights record will remain a
critical factor in understanding his approach to governance and the challenges
he faces both domestically and internationally.
Chapter 6: Economic Policies: Vision and Reality
Ebrahim Raisi's presidency comes at
a time of significant economic hardship for Iran. Years of international
sanctions, economic mismanagement, and internal corruption have left the
country facing severe challenges. Raisi's economic policies, therefore, are a
critical aspect of his administration, reflecting both his vision for Iran's
future and the stark realities he must contend with.
One of Raisi's central economic promises during his campaign
was to combat corruption and improve economic justice. He pledged to tackle the
widespread corruption that has plagued Iran's economy, often implicating
high-ranking officials and powerful entities. Upon taking office, Raisi
launched several high-profile anti-corruption initiatives, targeting both
public and private sector figures. These efforts were intended to signal a
commitment to transparency and accountability, although critics have argued
that they often appear selective and politically motivated.
Raisi's economic vision also includes a strong emphasis on
self-sufficiency and resistance to external pressures. This stance aligns with
the broader ideological framework of the Islamic Republic, which has
historically prioritized economic independence. Raisi has advocated for
reducing Iran's reliance on foreign goods and services, promoting domestic
production, and supporting local industries. This approach is partly a response
to the crippling impact of international sanctions, which have severely limited
Iran's access to global markets and resources.
However, achieving economic self-sufficiency is a daunting
task. Iran's economy is heavily dependent on oil exports, and sanctions have
drastically reduced its ability to sell oil internationally. This has led to a
significant decrease in revenue, exacerbating the country's economic woes.
Raisi's administration has sought to diversify the economy by investing in
other sectors, such as agriculture, manufacturing, and technology. While these
efforts are crucial for long-term stability, they face significant obstacles,
including outdated infrastructure, lack of investment, and bureaucratic
inefficiencies.
Raisi has also focused on addressing the issue of
unemployment, particularly among the youth. Iran has a large and young
population, with many individuals struggling to find stable employment. Raisi's
policies have included initiatives to create jobs through infrastructure
projects, support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and investment
in education and vocational training. These measures aim to stimulate economic
growth and provide opportunities for the younger generation, although their
effectiveness remains to be seen.
Inflation is another major challenge for Raisi's
administration. Iran has experienced high inflation rates for years, eroding
the purchasing power of ordinary citizens and contributing to widespread
economic discontent. Raisi has pledged to bring inflation under control through
a combination of fiscal discipline, monetary policy adjustments, and efforts to
stabilize the national currency. However, these measures require careful
balancing to avoid further economic disruption and hardship.
Raisi's economic policies are also shaped by his
relationship with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), which controls
significant portions of the economy. The IRGC's economic interests span various
sectors, including construction, telecommunications, and energy. Maintaining a
strong alliance with the IRGC is crucial for Raisi's political stability, but
it also complicates efforts to reform the economy. The IRGC's influence can
lead to resistance against measures that threaten their economic power and
interests.
Internationally, Raisi's economic strategy involves
navigating the complex landscape of sanctions and diplomacy. His administration
has expressed a willingness to engage in negotiations to revive the Joint
Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), commonly known as the Iran nuclear deal.
Restoring the JCPOA could lead to the lifting of some sanctions, providing
much-needed economic relief. However, the path to achieving this is fraught
with political and diplomatic challenges, both within Iran and with the
international community.
In addition to sanctions, Iran faces geopolitical tensions
that impact its economic policies. Regional conflicts and rivalries,
particularly with countries like Saudi Arabia and Israel, complicate efforts to
achieve economic stability and growth. Raisi's administration must balance
these geopolitical considerations with the need to foster economic development
and improve the standard of living for Iranian citizens.
In summary, Ebrahim Raisi's economic policies reflect a
vision of self-sufficiency, anti-corruption, and job creation, tempered by the
harsh realities of sanctions, inflation, and unemployment. His administration
faces significant challenges in implementing these policies, including
bureaucratic inefficiencies, the powerful influence of the IRGC, and the
complexities of international diplomacy. As we continue to explore Raisi's
presidency, the impact of his economic policies will be a crucial factor in understanding
his approach to governance and the prospects for Iran's future.
Chapter 7: Foreign Policy: Navigating Isolation
Ebrahim Raisi's presidency comes at
a time of significant international isolation for Iran, with the country facing
numerous challenges on the global stage. Raisi's foreign policy is shaped by
the need to navigate this isolation, address regional conflicts, and manage
relations with major global powers. His approach reflects a combination of
ideological commitment to the principles of the Islamic Revolution and
pragmatic considerations aimed at ensuring Iran's security and economic
stability.
A central aspect of Raisi's foreign policy is his stance on
the United States and the West. Relations between Iran and the United States
have been fraught with tension since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, and Raisi's
administration has shown little inclination to shift away from this adversarial
posture. Raisi has consistently criticized the United States for its policies
towards Iran, particularly the imposition of sanctions and its support for
regional adversaries. He has framed these actions as part of a broader strategy
to undermine Iran's sovereignty and stability.
Despite this rhetoric, Raisi's administration has expressed
a willingness to engage in negotiations to revive the Joint Comprehensive Plan
of Action (JCPOA), commonly known as the Iran nuclear deal. The JCPOA,
originally signed in 2015, aimed to limit Iran's nuclear program in exchange
for the lifting of international sanctions. However, the United States'
withdrawal from the agreement in 2018 and the subsequent re-imposition of
sanctions have severely impacted Iran's economy. Raisi's willingness to return
to the negotiating table reflects a pragmatic recognition of the need to
alleviate these economic pressures, even as he maintains a critical stance
towards the West.
Raisi's foreign policy also places significant emphasis on
strengthening relations with regional allies and partners. Iran's involvement
in regional conflicts, such as those in Syria, Iraq, and Yemen, is a key
component of its strategy to project power and influence in the Middle East.
Raisi's administration has continued to support these efforts, viewing them as
essential to countering the influence of adversaries such as Saudi Arabia and
Israel. This regional strategy is closely aligned with the interests of the
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), which plays a significant role in
shaping Iran's foreign policy.
In addition to its regional strategy, Raisi's administration
has sought to deepen ties with major global powers such as China and Russia.
Both countries have been crucial partners for Iran, providing economic,
military, and diplomatic support. The strategic partnership with China,
formalized through a 25-year cooperation agreement, encompasses a wide range of
areas, including energy, infrastructure, and technology. This partnership is
seen as a means to counterbalance the economic impact of Western sanctions and
to secure Iran's position in the global economy.
Similarly, Raisi has pursued closer relations with Russia,
particularly in the context of military and security cooperation. Russia's
support has been pivotal in areas such as Syria, where both countries have
collaborated to support the Assad regime. This alliance not only bolsters
Iran's regional strategy but also provides a counterweight to Western influence
in the Middle East. Raisi's administration views these relationships as vital
for maintaining Iran's strategic autonomy and enhancing its global standing.
Raisi's foreign policy is also characterized by efforts to
engage with neighboring countries to reduce tensions and promote regional
stability. Relations with Gulf states, particularly Saudi Arabia, have been a
focal point. Despite the deep-seated rivalry, there have been attempts to open
channels of dialogue and reduce hostilities. Raisi's administration has shown a
willingness to explore diplomatic solutions to longstanding disputes,
recognizing that regional stability is crucial for Iran's security and economic
interests.
However, Raisi's foreign policy faces significant
challenges. The international community remains deeply concerned about Iran's
nuclear program, human rights record, and involvement in regional conflicts.
These issues complicate efforts to achieve diplomatic breakthroughs and
economic relief. Additionally, the internal dynamics of Iranian politics,
including the influence of hardline factions and the IRGC, create constraints
on Raisi's ability to pursue more flexible foreign policy approaches.
In summary, Ebrahim Raisi's foreign policy is shaped by the
need to navigate international isolation, manage regional conflicts, and
maintain relations with major global powers. His approach reflects a balance
between ideological commitments and pragmatic considerations, aimed at ensuring
Iran's security and economic stability. As we continue to explore Raisi's
presidency, the impact of his foreign policy decisions will be a critical
factor in understanding his approach to governance and Iran's place in the
global order.
Chapter 8: Domestic Policy: Balancing Ideology and
Practicality
Ebrahim Raisi's domestic policy
agenda is a blend of ideological commitments and practical responses to Iran's
pressing social and economic challenges. As president, Raisi has had to
navigate the complexities of a society that is increasingly diverse and
politically engaged, while remaining true to the revolutionary principles that
underpin the Islamic Republic. This chapter explores the key elements of
Raisi's domestic policy and the challenges he faces in balancing ideology with
the practical needs of the Iranian people.
One of the primary focuses of Raisi's domestic policy is
social justice, a theme that he emphasized during his campaign. Raisi has
framed his administration's efforts as a continuation of the Islamic
Revolution's commitment to defending the oppressed and providing for the
marginalized. This includes initiatives aimed at reducing poverty, improving
access to education and healthcare, and addressing social inequalities.
However, achieving these goals is complicated by Iran's economic difficulties
and the pervasive influence of entrenched interests.
Healthcare reform has been a significant area of attention
for Raisi. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted deficiencies in Iran's healthcare
system, including shortages of medical supplies, inadequate infrastructure, and
disparities in access to care. Raisi's administration has prioritized
increasing healthcare funding, expanding vaccination campaigns, and improving
medical facilities. These efforts are essential for rebuilding public trust in
the government's ability to protect public health and manage future crises.
Education is another critical area where Raisi has sought to
make an impact. Iran's education system faces numerous challenges, including
outdated curricula, overcrowded classrooms, and unequal access to quality
education, particularly in rural and underprivileged areas. Raisi has pledged
to invest in educational infrastructure, enhance teacher training, and reform
the curriculum to better prepare students for the modern economy. Additionally,
he has emphasized the importance of promoting Islamic values within the
educational system, reflecting his commitment to the ideological foundations of
the Islamic Republic.
Housing and urban development are also key components of
Raisi's domestic agenda. Iran's urban centers have experienced significant
growth, leading to housing shortages, rising property prices, and inadequate
infrastructure. Raisi has proposed ambitious plans to build affordable housing,
improve public transportation, and upgrade urban infrastructure. These
initiatives aim to address the needs of the growing urban population and
improve the quality of life for ordinary Iranians. However, these projects
require substantial investment and efficient management to be successful.
Another major aspect of Raisi's domestic policy is his
approach to civil liberties and political freedoms. As a hardliner, Raisi has
been associated with a repressive stance towards dissent and opposition. His
administration has continued to crack down on political activists, journalists,
and human rights defenders, using the judiciary and security forces to suppress
dissent. This approach has led to widespread criticism from both domestic and
international observers, who argue that it stifles democratic engagement and
violates basic human rights.
Raisi's administration has also had to contend with
significant environmental challenges. Iran faces a range of environmental
issues, including air and water pollution, deforestation, and water scarcity.
These problems are exacerbated by climate change and have serious implications
for public health, agriculture, and overall quality of life. Raisi has
acknowledged the importance of addressing these issues and has proposed
measures to improve environmental management, promote sustainable practices,
and invest in renewable energy sources. However, effective implementation of
these policies requires overcoming bureaucratic inertia and vested interests.
Economic reform is another critical aspect of Raisi's
domestic policy. Iran's economy has been severely impacted by international
sanctions, corruption, and mismanagement. Raisi's administration has focused on
measures to stabilize the economy, reduce inflation, and create jobs. This
includes efforts to attract foreign investment, support small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs), and enhance industrial production. While these initiatives
are crucial for economic recovery, they face significant obstacles, including
the ongoing impact of sanctions and the need for structural reforms.
Raisi's approach to governance also reflects his
relationship with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and other
powerful institutions. The IRGC wields significant influence over various
aspects of Iranian society, including the economy, security, and politics. Maintaining
a strong alliance with the IRGC is essential for Raisi's political stability,
but it also poses challenges for implementing reforms that might threaten the
IRGC's interests. Balancing these dynamics requires careful negotiation and
political acumen.
In summary, Ebrahim Raisi's domestic policy agenda is
characterized by a blend of ideological commitments and practical responses to
Iran's pressing social and economic challenges. His administration has focused
on issues such as social justice, healthcare, education, housing, civil
liberties, environmental protection, and economic reform. However, achieving
these goals is complicated by Iran's economic difficulties, the influence of
powerful institutions, and the need to balance ideology with the practical
needs of the Iranian people. As we continue to explore Raisi's presidency, the
impact of his domestic policies will be a critical factor in understanding his
approach to governance and the prospects for Iran's future.
Chapter 9: The Role of Religion: Shaping Policy and Society
Religion plays a central role in
shaping policy and society in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and Ebrahim Raisi's
presidency is no exception. As a cleric with deep ties to the religious
establishment, Raisi's approach to governance is profoundly influenced by
Islamic principles and the teachings of Shia Islam. This chapter examines how
religion informs Raisi's policies and the broader societal impact of his
administration's religious orientation.
Raisi's background as a religious scholar and cleric has
significantly shaped his political and ideological outlook. He was educated in
the seminaries of Qom, the spiritual heart of Shia Islam, where he studied
under prominent religious leaders and developed a strong foundation in Islamic
jurisprudence. This religious education has informed his approach to
governance, emphasizing the integration of Islamic values and principles into
all aspects of policy.
One of the key areas where religion influences Raisi's
policies is in the realm of social and cultural norms. Raisi has advocated for
the strict enforcement of Islamic codes of conduct, including dress codes,
gender segregation, and moral behavior. This includes policies aimed at
promoting modesty, such as mandatory hijab for women, and restrictions on
activities deemed un-Islamic, such as certain forms of entertainment and social
interactions. These measures are intended to preserve the Islamic character of
Iranian society and reinforce the values of the revolution.
In the judicial sphere, Raisi's religious orientation is
evident in his emphasis on Islamic law (Sharia) as the basis for legal
decisions. As Chief Justice and now as President, Raisi has supported the
application of Sharia in cases ranging from criminal justice to family law.
This includes the use of hudud punishments (fixed punishments prescribed by
Islamic law) for certain crimes, such as theft and adultery. Raisi's commitment
to Islamic law reflects his belief in the importance of upholding the religious
foundations of the Islamic Republic.
Education is another area where Raisi's religious
orientation is prominent. His administration has emphasized the integration of
Islamic teachings into the national curriculum, aiming to cultivate a
generation of Iranians who are well-versed in Islamic values and principles.
This includes the promotion of religious studies, the incorporation of Islamic
history and ethics into various subjects, and the encouragement of religious
observance among students. Raisi's policies in this area are intended to
strengthen the religious identity of young Iranians and ensure the continuity
of the Islamic Revolution's ideals.
Religion also plays a significant role in Raisi's foreign
policy. His administration views Iran's regional and international relations
through the lens of defending and promoting Shia Islam. This includes
supporting Shia communities and movements in countries such as Iraq, Lebanon,
and Yemen, and opposing regimes and groups perceived as hostile to Shia
interests. Raisi's foreign policy is thus closely aligned with the broader
strategic goals of the Islamic Republic, which include expanding Iran's
influence in the region and countering Sunni-dominated powers like Saudi
Arabia.
Raisi's religious orientation also informs his approach to
governance and leadership. He has framed his presidency as a continuation of
the mission of the Islamic Revolution, emphasizing the need to protect and
advance the revolution's values. This includes a commitment to social justice,
the defense of the oppressed (mostazafin), and the promotion of Islamic ethics
in public life. Raisi's leadership style is characterized by a blend of
religious conviction and political pragmatism, aiming to balance ideological
commitments with the practical needs of governance.
However, Raisi's emphasis on religion and the enforcement of
Islamic norms has also faced criticism and resistance. Many Iranians,
particularly younger generations, are increasingly secular in their outlook and
chafe under the restrictions imposed by the regime. The enforcement of religious
codes of conduct, such as mandatory hijab, has led to widespread discontent and
periodic protests. Raisi's administration must navigate these tensions and
address the demands for greater personal freedoms and social liberalization
while maintaining the regime's religious foundations.
In summary, religion plays a central role in shaping Ebrahim
Raisi's policies and the broader societal impact of his administration. His
approach to governance is deeply influenced by Islamic principles and the
teachings of Shia Islam, with significant implications for social norms,
judicial decisions, education, and foreign policy. Raisi's presidency
represents a continuation of the Islamic Republic's commitment to integrating
religion into all aspects of governance, while also facing the challenges of
addressing the evolving demands and aspirations of Iranian society. As we
continue to explore Raisi's presidency, the role of religion will remain a
critical factor in understanding his approach to policy and leadership.
Chapter 10: Security and Defense: The Guardians of the
Revolution
Security and defense are paramount
concerns for Ebrahim Raisi's administration, given the volatile regional
environment and the internal challenges faced by the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Raisi's approach to security and defense is heavily influenced by the
ideological and strategic priorities of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
(IRGC) and the broader security apparatus. This chapter examines the key
elements of Raisi's security and defense policies and the role of the IRGC in
shaping and implementing these strategies.
The IRGC is a central pillar of Iran's security and defense
framework. Established shortly after the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the IRGC was
created to protect the revolution and its ideals from both internal and
external threats. Over the years, it has evolved into a powerful institution
with significant influence over Iran's military, economic, and political
spheres. Raisi's presidency is closely aligned with the IRGC, and his
administration relies heavily on the Corps for maintaining security and
advancing its strategic goals.
One of the key components of Raisi's security policy is the
emphasis on strengthening Iran's military capabilities. This includes
modernizing the armed forces, enhancing missile and drone technology, and
expanding Iran's defense industry. Raisi has highlighted the importance of
self-reliance in defense production, aiming to reduce dependency on foreign
arms suppliers and develop indigenous military technologies. This focus on
military self-sufficiency is seen as essential for maintaining Iran's strategic
autonomy and deterring potential aggressors.
Missile development is a particularly important aspect of
Iran's defense strategy. The IRGC has invested heavily in developing a diverse
arsenal of ballistic and cruise missiles capable of striking targets across the
region. These missiles serve as a critical component of Iran's deterrence
strategy, aimed at countering the military capabilities of adversaries such as
the United States, Israel, and Saudi Arabia. Raisi's administration has
continued to prioritize missile development, viewing it as a vital tool for
projecting power and ensuring national security.
In addition to conventional military capabilities, Raisi's
security policy places significant emphasis on asymmetric warfare and
unconventional tactics. The IRGC's Quds Force, responsible for extraterritorial
operations, plays a key role in this strategy. The Quds Force has been
instrumental in supporting allied groups and proxy forces across the Middle
East, including Hezbollah in Lebanon, various Shia militias in Iraq, and the
Houthis in Yemen. These relationships enable Iran to exert influence and
project power beyond its borders, complicating the strategic calculations of
its adversaries.
Cybersecurity is another critical area of focus for Raisi's
administration. Iran has developed sophisticated cyber capabilities, which are
used for both defensive and offensive operations. These capabilities are seen
as essential for protecting critical infrastructure, countering cyber threats
from hostile actors, and advancing Iran's strategic interests. Raisi's
administration has emphasized the importance of strengthening cyber defenses
and enhancing the country's ability to conduct cyber operations, reflecting the
growing importance of the digital domain in modern warfare.
Domestically, Raisi's security policy is characterized by a
focus on internal stability and the suppression of dissent. The IRGC and other
security forces play a central role in maintaining order and preventing unrest.
This includes monitoring and controlling political activists, journalists, and
civil society organizations perceived as threats to the regime. Raisi's
administration has continued to crack down on opposition groups and dissenting
voices, using a combination of surveillance, intimidation, and legal measures
to suppress challenges to its authority.
Raisi's approach to security also involves addressing the
complex dynamics of regional conflicts and rivalries. Iran's involvement in
Syria, Iraq, and Yemen is driven by a combination of ideological commitments
and strategic interests. Raisi's administration views these conflicts as
critical battlegrounds for defending the Islamic Republic and advancing its
regional influence. The support for allied governments and militias in these
countries is seen as essential for countering the influence of adversaries and
ensuring Iran's security.
However, Raisi's security and defense policies face
significant challenges. The ongoing economic difficulties, exacerbated by international
sanctions, limit the resources available for military and security spending.
Additionally, Iran's involvement in regional conflicts has led to significant
human and financial costs, raising questions about the sustainability of these
commitments. Balancing the demands of maintaining a robust security posture
with the need for economic stability and domestic development is a complex task
for Raisi's administration.
In summary, Ebrahim Raisi's security and defense policies are characterized by a strong reliance on the IRGC and a focus on strengthening Iran's military capabilities, asymmetric warfare, cybersecurity, and internal stability. His administration views these elements as essential for ensuring national security and advancing Iran's strategic interests in a volatile regional environment. As we continue to explore Raisi's presidency, the role of security and defense will remain a critical factor in understanding his approach to governance and the challenges he faces in maintaining the stability and security of the Islamic Republic.
Chapter 11: Human Rights and Civil Liberties: A Contentious Terrain
Human rights and civil liberties
remain highly contentious and deeply challenging areas under Ebrahim Raisi's
presidency. As a figure associated with the hardline conservative faction of
Iran's political landscape, Raisi's record on human rights has been a focal
point of both domestic and international scrutiny. This chapter delves into the
key issues surrounding human rights and civil liberties in Iran under Raisi's
administration, examining the impact of his policies and the reactions they
have provoked.
Raisi's background as a former Chief Justice of Iran is
particularly relevant to his stance on human rights and civil liberties. His
tenure in the judiciary was marked by a strict interpretation of Islamic law
and an unwavering commitment to the principles of the Islamic Republic. Critics
have often pointed to his role in past human rights abuses, including the mass
execution of political prisoners in 1988, as indicative of his approach to
dissent and opposition.
Under Raisi's presidency, the suppression of political
dissent has continued to be a hallmark of his administration. The government
has maintained tight control over political expression, using a combination of
surveillance, censorship, and legal measures to silence critics. Political
activists, journalists, and human rights defenders face constant threats of
arrest and imprisonment, often under vague charges such as "acting against
national security" or "spreading propaganda against the state."
These actions are justified by the regime as necessary to preserve national
stability and security, but they have drawn widespread condemnation from human
rights organizations and international bodies.
Freedom of speech and the press are severely restricted in
Iran, with the state exercising extensive control over media outlets and the
internet. Independent journalism is virtually non-existent, and many
journalists operate under the constant threat of reprisal. The government
frequently blocks access to social media platforms and messaging apps that are
used to organize protests and disseminate information. Raisi's administration
has continued these practices, viewing them as essential tools for maintaining
control over public discourse and preventing the spread of dissent.
The rights of women and minorities are also critical areas
of concern under Raisi's administration. Despite some progress in women's
education and participation in the workforce, gender discrimination remains
entrenched in Iranian law and society. Mandatory hijab laws and restrictions on
women's rights in areas such as divorce, child custody, and inheritance reflect
the broader patriarchal framework upheld by the regime. Raisi's administration
has shown little willingness to address these inequalities, instead emphasizing
the importance of preserving traditional Islamic values.
Ethnic and religious minorities, including Kurds, Balochs,
Arabs, Bahá'ís, and Christians, face systemic discrimination and repression.
These groups often experience economic marginalization, social exclusion, and
restricted access to cultural and political representation. Security forces
frequently target minority communities with arbitrary arrests, torture, and
executions. Raisi's administration has continued to enforce these policies,
viewing minority activism and calls for greater autonomy as threats to national
unity and security.
Human rights organizations and international actors have
consistently criticized Raisi's human rights record. The United Nations,
Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and various governments have
condemned the Iranian regime's human rights abuses and called for
accountability. These criticisms have often been met with defiance by Raisi's
administration, which frames such interventions as part of a broader Western
conspiracy to undermine the Islamic Republic.
Raisi's administration has also faced significant domestic
opposition on human rights issues. Protests and demonstrations, often sparked
by economic grievances, frequently evolve into broader calls for political
reform and greater freedoms. The regime's response to these protests is
typically swift and brutal, involving the use of excessive force, mass arrests,
and harsh sentences for demonstrators. Despite these repressive measures, the
persistence of protests highlights the growing discontent among various
segments of Iranian society.
However, it is important to recognize that Raisi's
administration also faces complex challenges in balancing security and human
rights. The volatile regional environment, internal political dynamics, and
economic hardships create a context in which the regime prioritizes stability
and control over individual freedoms. While this does not excuse human rights
abuses, it provides a framework for understanding the regime's actions and the
constraints it operates under.
In summary, Ebrahim Raisi's presidency is characterized by a
continued suppression of political dissent, restricted freedoms of speech and
the press, and systemic discrimination against women and minorities. His
administration's approach to human rights and civil liberties reflects a
broader strategy to maintain control and stability in the face of domestic and
international pressures. As we continue to explore Raisi's presidency, the
contentious terrain of human rights and civil liberties will remain a critical
factor in understanding his governance and the broader dynamics of Iranian
society.
Chapter 12: The Judiciary: Raisi's Legacy and Influence
The judiciary is a cornerstone of
any political system, and in the Islamic Republic of Iran, it plays a
particularly significant role in maintaining the ideological and political
framework of the state. Ebrahim Raisi's background in the judiciary, including
his tenure as Chief Justice, has had a profound impact on his presidency and
his approach to governance. This chapter examines Raisi's legacy and influence
within the judiciary and how it shapes his administration's policies and
actions.
Ebrahim Raisi's rise to prominence within the Iranian
judiciary began in the early years following the 1979 Islamic Revolution.
Trained in Islamic jurisprudence and closely aligned with the revolutionary
leadership, Raisi quickly ascended through the ranks of the judiciary. His
tenure as Chief Justice, starting in 2019, was marked by a focus on strict
enforcement of Islamic law, anti-corruption initiatives, and efforts to enhance
the efficiency of the judicial system.
One of the defining features of Raisi's tenure as Chief
Justice was his emphasis on combating corruption. Corruption has long been a
pervasive issue in Iran, affecting various sectors of society and undermining
public trust in state institutions. Raisi launched several high-profile
anti-corruption campaigns, targeting both low-level officials and high-ranking
figures within the government and business sectors. These efforts were framed
as part of a broader mission to uphold the principles of the Islamic Revolution
and ensure justice for all citizens.
However, critics argue that Raisi's anti-corruption efforts
were selectively applied and often used as a tool to eliminate political rivals
and consolidate power. While some high-profile cases resulted in significant
convictions, many observers believe that the underlying structures of
corruption remained largely intact. Additionally, the focus on corruption
within the judiciary itself led to internal purges and the removal of judges
and officials perceived as insufficiently loyal to the regime.
Raisi's tenure as Chief Justice also saw a continuation of
the judiciary's role in suppressing political dissent and enforcing social
norms. The judiciary under Raisi was instrumental in prosecuting political
activists, journalists, and human rights defenders, often using broad and
vaguely defined charges. The harsh sentences handed down in these cases,
including lengthy prison terms and, in some instances, executions, underscored
the judiciary's role as a tool of political repression.
In terms of social norms, Raisi's judiciary was active in
upholding and enforcing the Islamic Republic's moral and cultural codes. This
included prosecuting individuals for offenses such as "spreading
corruption on earth," "enmity against God," and other charges
related to violations of Islamic law. The judiciary's strict interpretation of
these laws often resulted in severe punishments, including flogging and the
death penalty, reflecting Raisi's commitment to preserving the religious and
ideological foundations of the state.
As President, Raisi's influence within the judiciary
continues to shape his administration's policies and actions. His background
and connections within the judicial system provide him with a powerful tool for
implementing his agenda and maintaining control over the political landscape.
The judiciary remains a key mechanism for suppressing dissent, enforcing social
norms, and addressing issues of corruption and inefficiency within the
government.
Raisi's administration has also sought to further
institutionalize the judiciary's role in governance. This includes efforts to
enhance the legal framework for combating corruption, improving judicial
transparency, and increasing the efficiency of the legal system. These
initiatives are framed as part of Raisi's broader commitment to justice and the
rule of law, although their effectiveness and impartiality remain subjects of
debate.
The judiciary's role in human rights abuses is another
critical area of concern under Raisi's administration. International human
rights organizations have consistently highlighted the judiciary's involvement
in arbitrary arrests, unfair trials, and harsh punishments. Raisi's
administration has faced ongoing criticism for its failure to address these
issues and implement reforms to ensure fair and just legal processes. The
judiciary's actions continue to draw scrutiny from the international community,
contributing to the broader challenges facing Raisi's presidency.
In summary, Ebrahim Raisi's legacy and influence within the
judiciary are central to understanding his approach to governance and policy
implementation. His tenure as Chief Justice was marked by efforts to combat
corruption, enforce social norms, and suppress political dissent, reflecting
his commitment to the principles of the Islamic Revolution. As President, Raisi
continues to leverage the judiciary as a key tool for maintaining control and
advancing his agenda, while facing significant criticism for human rights
abuses and the selective application of justice. As we continue to explore
Raisi's presidency, the role of the judiciary will remain a critical factor in
understanding the dynamics of power and governance in the Islamic Republic of
Iran.
Chapter 13: Media and Propaganda: Controlling the Narrative
In the Islamic Republic of Iran,
media and propaganda play crucial roles in shaping public perception and
maintaining the regime's ideological and political dominance. Under Ebrahim
Raisi's presidency, control over the media and the dissemination of state propaganda
have remained central to the government's strategy for managing public opinion
and suppressing dissent. This chapter examines the mechanisms of media control
and propaganda in Iran, and how Raisi's administration has utilized these tools
to consolidate power and influence.
The Iranian state exerts extensive control over the media
landscape, which includes television, radio, newspapers, and online platforms.
The Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) is the primary state-owned
broadcaster, operating numerous television and radio channels that reach
audiences across the country. The IRIB is directly controlled by the Supreme
Leader and serves as a key instrument for disseminating government-approved
content and promoting the regime's narrative.
Raisi's administration has continued to rely heavily on the
IRIB to shape public perception and promote its policies. State media regularly
broadcasts programs that highlight the achievements of the government, vilify
political opponents, and reinforce the ideological tenets of the Islamic
Revolution. These broadcasts often include coverage of Raisi's speeches and
public appearances, portraying him as a steadfast leader committed to defending
Iran's sovereignty and Islamic values.
In addition to the IRIB, the government controls several
major newspapers and news agencies. Publications such as Kayhan, Resalat, and
Javan are known for their pro-government stance and are used to propagate the
regime's views on domestic and international issues. These outlets play a
critical role in framing public discourse, setting the agenda for political
debate, and marginalizing dissenting voices. Raisi's administration has ensured
that these media outlets remain aligned with its goals, using them to promote
its narrative and counter criticism.
Censorship is a pervasive aspect of media control in Iran.
The government employs various mechanisms to restrict access to information and
prevent the spread of content deemed harmful to the regime. This includes
blocking websites, filtering internet content, and monitoring online
communications. Social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube
are often inaccessible without the use of virtual private networks (VPNs), and
the government regularly targets VPN providers to disrupt their services.
Raisi's administration has intensified efforts to control
the digital space, recognizing the growing influence of social media and online
platforms in shaping public opinion. The government has increased surveillance
of online activities, targeting individuals who use social media to criticize
the regime or organize protests. Cybersecurity units within the IRGC and other
security agencies are tasked with identifying and neutralizing perceived
threats in the digital realm, reflecting the administration's commitment to
maintaining control over the online narrative.
Propaganda is another critical tool used by Raisi's
administration to influence public perception and bolster the regime's
legitimacy. State propaganda often emphasizes themes such as resistance against
foreign enemies, the defense of Islamic values, and the achievements of the
Islamic Revolution. This messaging is aimed at fostering a sense of national
pride and solidarity, particularly in the face of external pressures such as
economic sanctions and international criticism.
Raisi's administration has also employed propaganda to
address internal challenges, such as economic difficulties and social unrest.
Government narratives often blame these issues on external factors, such as the
impact of Western sanctions or the machinations of foreign adversaries. By
externalizing the sources of Iran's problems, the regime seeks to deflect
criticism and rally public support against perceived external threats. This
strategy is intended to reinforce the regime's legitimacy and discourage
dissent by framing opposition as unpatriotic or traitorous.
Educational institutions and cultural organizations are also
utilized as vehicles for propaganda. Schools and universities are required to
incorporate Islamic teachings and the history of the Islamic Revolution into
their curricula, ensuring that students are exposed to the regime's ideological
narrative from a young age. Cultural events, such as film festivals, art
exhibitions, and religious ceremonies, are often used to promote the regime's
values and achievements, further embedding its propaganda within the fabric of
society.
Despite these extensive efforts, Raisi's administration
faces significant challenges in controlling the narrative. The rise of digital
technologies and the increasing access to information have made it more
difficult for the government to monopolize public discourse. Independent and
opposition media, often operating from abroad, provide alternative viewpoints
and challenge the regime's narratives. Social media platforms, while heavily
monitored and censored, remain spaces where Iranians can express dissent and
organize protests.
In summary, media control and propaganda are central to
Ebrahim Raisi's strategy for maintaining power and influencing public
perception. His administration relies on state-owned media, censorship, and
propaganda to promote its narrative, suppress dissent, and reinforce the
ideological foundations of the Islamic Republic. However, the challenges posed
by digital technologies and the resilience of independent media continue to
test the regime's ability to control the narrative and manage public opinion.
As we continue to explore Raisi's presidency, the dynamics of media control and
propaganda will remain critical factors in understanding his approach to
governance and the broader societal impacts of his administration.
Chapter 14: Economic Policy: Navigating Sanctions and
Structural Challenges
Iran's economic landscape is fraught
with challenges, many of which are exacerbated by international sanctions,
internal mismanagement, and structural issues. As President, Ebrahim Raisi
faces the daunting task of navigating these complexities while attempting to
deliver on his promises of economic reform and improvement. This chapter
examines Raisi's economic policy, the strategies employed to address Iran's
economic difficulties, and the outcomes of these efforts.
Iran's economy has been severely impacted by international
sanctions, particularly those imposed by the United States. These sanctions
target key sectors such as oil, banking, and shipping, significantly reducing
Iran's ability to engage in international trade and access foreign currencies.
The economic isolation has led to high inflation, a devalued currency, and
widespread unemployment, creating severe hardships for the Iranian population.
Raisi's administration has prioritized efforts to mitigate
the impact of sanctions and stabilize the economy. One of the key strategies
has been to enhance domestic production and reduce dependency on imports. This
involves promoting self-sufficiency in various sectors, including agriculture,
manufacturing, and technology. Raisi has called for greater investment in
domestic industries, encouraging the development of local resources and
capabilities to reduce the economic vulnerabilities associated with
international isolation.
Agriculture has received particular attention under Raisi's
economic policy. The government has implemented initiatives to increase
agricultural output, improve irrigation systems, and support farmers with
subsidies and technical assistance. These efforts aim to boost food security
and reduce the need for imported agricultural products. By enhancing agricultural
productivity, Raisi's administration hopes to create jobs, support rural
communities, and alleviate some of the economic pressures faced by the
population.
Industrial development is another focal point of Raisi's
economic policy. The administration has sought to revitalize Iran's industrial
sector by encouraging investment in key industries such as petrochemicals,
mining, and manufacturing. This includes providing incentives for domestic and
foreign investors, reducing bureaucratic hurdles, and improving infrastructure.
Raisi has also emphasized the importance of technology and innovation, calling
for increased support for research and development to drive industrial growth
and competitiveness.
Addressing unemployment, particularly among the youth, is a
critical challenge for Raisi's administration. Iran's young and educated
population faces limited job opportunities, leading to high levels of
frustration and discontent. Raisi has promised to create millions of new jobs
through various initiatives, including expanding vocational training programs,
supporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and investing in public
infrastructure projects. These efforts aim to stimulate economic activity and
provide employment opportunities for the growing workforce.
Combatting corruption remains a central theme of Raisi's
economic policy. Corruption is widely recognized as a significant barrier to
economic growth and development in Iran. Raisi has pledged to continue his
anti-corruption campaign, targeting both high-profile figures and systemic
corruption within state institutions. This includes measures to increase
transparency, strengthen regulatory frameworks, and enhance the accountability
of public officials. While these initiatives are crucial for improving economic
governance, their success depends on overcoming entrenched interests and
ensuring impartial enforcement.
Foreign trade and investment are critical areas where
Raisi's administration seeks to make progress despite the constraints of
sanctions. The government has pursued closer economic ties with non-Western
countries, particularly those in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. This includes
efforts to expand trade relations, attract foreign investment, and participate
in regional economic initiatives. By diversifying its economic partnerships,
Iran aims to reduce its reliance on traditional markets and mitigate the impact
of Western sanctions.
One notable example of this strategy is Iran's growing
relationship with China. The 25-year cooperation agreement signed between Iran
and China in 2021 outlines a framework for economic, political, and security
cooperation. This partnership is expected to bring significant Chinese
investment into Iran's energy, infrastructure, and technology sectors,
providing much-needed capital and support for economic development. Raisi's
administration views this relationship as a key component of its strategy to
circumvent sanctions and foster economic resilience.
Energy policy is another critical aspect of Raisi's economic
agenda. Iran possesses significant oil and gas reserves, but sanctions have
severely restricted its ability to export these resources. Raisi's
administration has sought to increase oil production and explore alternative
markets for its energy exports. This includes efforts to develop new
infrastructure, such as pipelines and refineries, to enhance Iran's energy
capabilities and reduce its dependency on traditional export routes.
However, Raisi's economic policies face significant
obstacles. The pervasive impact of sanctions, combined with internal economic
mismanagement, creates a challenging environment for implementing reforms.
Additionally, the need for structural changes, such as reducing the state's
role in the economy and addressing inefficiencies, requires political will and
broad-based support. The administration's ability to deliver tangible economic
improvements will be a critical test of its effectiveness and legitimacy.
In summary, Ebrahim Raisi's economic policy is focused on
mitigating the impact of international sanctions, promoting domestic
production, combating corruption, and fostering economic resilience through
diversified trade and investment partnerships. His administration faces
significant challenges in navigating the complexities of Iran's economic
landscape, but its efforts to enhance self-sufficiency, support industrial and
agricultural development, and create employment opportunities are central to
its strategy. As we continue to explore Raisi's presidency, the outcomes of his
economic policies will be crucial in understanding the broader impact of his
administration on Iran's future.
Chapter 15: The International Arena: Diplomacy and Strategic
Alliances
Iran's position on the international
stage is shaped by a complex interplay of ideological commitments, strategic
interests, and geopolitical realities. Under Ebrahim Raisi's presidency, Iran's
foreign policy has continued to reflect the principles of the Islamic
Revolution, while also adapting to the changing dynamics of the global order.
This chapter explores Raisi's approach to international diplomacy, his
strategic alliances, and the challenges and opportunities facing Iran in the
international arena.
Raisi's foreign policy is guided by a combination of ideological and pragmatic considerations. On the ideological front, the principles of resistance against Western domination, support for oppressed peoples, and the promotion of Islamic unity
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